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For each participant, pre- and post-vaccination neutralizing titers against live, clinical isolates of XBB.1.5 ( a , d ), EG.5.1 ( b , e ), or JN.1 ( c , f ) variants were plotted against neutralizing titers against WA1. The black dotted line represents equal neutralization, and the dotted ellipses represent 95% confidence ellipses. Relative neutralization ratios were also calculated by dividing neutralizing titers against each variant by those against WA1. g Antigenic cartographs were generated using the Racmacs packages in R v4.3.1 for bivalent recipients and non-recipients at each timepoint. Arrows and corresponding values represent quantified map distances between WA1 and variants. Each square-length represents ~2-fold changes in FRNT50 neutralizing titer. Gray triangles represent positions for each serum sample. h Neutralizing potency index (NPI) for pre-XBB.1.5 vaccination (pre) serum samples were calculated by dividing the FRNT50 against WA1, XBB.1.5, EG.5.1, or JN.1 by total IgG/A/M EC50 for each participant. For all bar plots, the plotted geometric mean values are displayed. Error bars are geometric means with 95% confidence intervals. Reported p-values are the result of unpaired t tests between bivalent recipients ( n = 30) and non-recipients ( n = 10).

Journal: Communications Medicine

Article Title: Immune imprinting and vaccine interval determine antibody responses to monovalent XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccination

doi: 10.1038/s43856-025-00898-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: For each participant, pre- and post-vaccination neutralizing titers against live, clinical isolates of XBB.1.5 ( a , d ), EG.5.1 ( b , e ), or JN.1 ( c , f ) variants were plotted against neutralizing titers against WA1. The black dotted line represents equal neutralization, and the dotted ellipses represent 95% confidence ellipses. Relative neutralization ratios were also calculated by dividing neutralizing titers against each variant by those against WA1. g Antigenic cartographs were generated using the Racmacs packages in R v4.3.1 for bivalent recipients and non-recipients at each timepoint. Arrows and corresponding values represent quantified map distances between WA1 and variants. Each square-length represents ~2-fold changes in FRNT50 neutralizing titer. Gray triangles represent positions for each serum sample. h Neutralizing potency index (NPI) for pre-XBB.1.5 vaccination (pre) serum samples were calculated by dividing the FRNT50 against WA1, XBB.1.5, EG.5.1, or JN.1 by total IgG/A/M EC50 for each participant. For all bar plots, the plotted geometric mean values are displayed. Error bars are geometric means with 95% confidence intervals. Reported p-values are the result of unpaired t tests between bivalent recipients ( n = 30) and non-recipients ( n = 10).

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolates were obtained from BEI Resources: WA1, USAWA1/2020 (NR-52281); XBB.1.5, USA/MD-HP40900/2022 (NR-59104); EG.5.1, USA/MD-HP47946/2023 (NR-59503); and JN.1, USA/New York/PV96109/2023 (NR-59693).

Techniques: Neutralization, Variant Assay, Generated

Live SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies were quantified by focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) and reported as FRNT50s. Fold changes were calculated by dividing the post-XBB.1.5 vaccination titer by pre-vaccination titer for each participant against WA1 ( a ), XBB.1.5 ( b ), EG.5.1 ( c ), and JN.1 ( d ). Ancestral spike RBD-binding antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reported as EC50s. Fold-changes were calculated for IgG ( e ), IgA ( f ), IgM ( g ), and total IgG/A/M ( h ). The dotted lines indicate no change in titer from pre- to post-vaccination (fold change = 1). Error bars show geometric means with 95% confidence intervals. Reported p-values are the result of unpaired t tests between bivalent recipients ( n = 30) and non-recipients ( n = 10).

Journal: Communications Medicine

Article Title: Immune imprinting and vaccine interval determine antibody responses to monovalent XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccination

doi: 10.1038/s43856-025-00898-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Live SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies were quantified by focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) and reported as FRNT50s. Fold changes were calculated by dividing the post-XBB.1.5 vaccination titer by pre-vaccination titer for each participant against WA1 ( a ), XBB.1.5 ( b ), EG.5.1 ( c ), and JN.1 ( d ). Ancestral spike RBD-binding antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reported as EC50s. Fold-changes were calculated for IgG ( e ), IgA ( f ), IgM ( g ), and total IgG/A/M ( h ). The dotted lines indicate no change in titer from pre- to post-vaccination (fold change = 1). Error bars show geometric means with 95% confidence intervals. Reported p-values are the result of unpaired t tests between bivalent recipients ( n = 30) and non-recipients ( n = 10).

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolates were obtained from BEI Resources: WA1, USAWA1/2020 (NR-52281); XBB.1.5, USA/MD-HP40900/2022 (NR-59104); EG.5.1, USA/MD-HP47946/2023 (NR-59503); and JN.1, USA/New York/PV96109/2023 (NR-59693).

Techniques: Neutralization, Binding Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay